EXAMEN PRIMER PARCIAL fisiologia animal upv

Which statement is false about hemoglobin?. Each heme group contains four atoms, which allows It to transport four O2. It is the main component of red blood cells and gives them their characteristic color. Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O2 than adult hemoglobin, despite the fact that they contain the same type of alpha-globulin-chains. The O2-Hb (oxygen hemoglobin) bond follows a positive cooperative type.

Homeostasis is an unchanging and constant state in which an organism is found. Failures in this system result in pathologies. True. False.

Select the correct answer about lipoproteins. LDL contains a higher proportion of proteins (than chylomicrons) and among them is ApoB-100. ApoB-100 facilitates the release of cholesterol into the cells. They can be classified according to their density, size, mobility or chemical composition. They form micelles with a hydrophilic core with triglycerides and cholesterol esters. Chylomicrons, which are the least dense lipoproteins, contain ApoC which helps them to release their triglycerides to be accumulates in adipose tissue.

Chemical reactivity in organisms depends on their temperature and atmospheric pressure regulates gas exchange. False. True.

In the area of the nasal cavity and the upper portion of the pharynx there are calciform cells that produce mucosa. False. True.

Red blood cells are good oxygen carriers because they do not contain mitochondria and have an anaerobic mechanism. False. True.

Which tissue performs the following functions: support and structure, transport, protection, energy storage, and defense?. Neuronal. Muscular. Connective. Epithelial.

Indicate the incorrect statement about leukocytes. Lymphocytes have a high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio and participate in adaptive immunity. They can leave the blood capillaries by diapedesis and exhibit amoeboid movement. They have a longer half-life than erythrocytes. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes and have phagocytic activity.

select the incorrect answer about blood plasma. Blood plasma proteins perform several functions: transport, protease inhibitors, clot formation, maintenance of osmotic pressure... The most abundant protein is albumin, which also contributes in the maintenance of osmotic pressure. Contains lipoproteins that form micelles and transport cholesterol. It contains gases (O2 and CO2) in high proportion (approx 4%).

Connective tissue is responsible, together with epithelial tissue, for the external covering. In addition, it performs the function of support and forms glands. True. False.

Select the correct answer. According to the organization of the epithelium, in which organ do we find simple cuboidal tissue?. Convolutes tubule (renal tubule). Skin. Alveolus. Pharynx.

From which cell is the action potential seen in image A?. Cardiac muscle cell. Pacemaker cell.

Select the incorrect statement about surfactant. It increases hydrogen bonds between water molecules. It contains phospholipids and hydrophobic proteins. Reduces surface tension. It is related to respiratory distress syndrome in infants.

Which tissue has these characteristics: polarity, absence of blood vessels, innervated, and high regenerative capacity?. Neuronal. Epithelial. Connective. Muscular.

Select the incorrect answer about the heart. The heart consists of four valves, two of which have two flaps (cusps) and two of which have three cusps. The semilunar valves are formed by three cusps and close during cardiac relaxation to prevent reflux into the ventricles. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The atrioventricular valves open during cardiac relaxation and close when the ventricles contract.

Most of the Fe (iron) in humans is bound to ferritin forming iron stores, so that it can be released in a controlled manner when needed. True. False.

The cells responsible for producing surfactant are __________. type II alveolar cells. Club cells. type I alveolar cells. alveolar macrophages.

Select the correct statement about blood vessels. The tunica interna is highly innervated. Arteries and veins contain valves that prevent venous return. Nitric oxide favors their vasoconstriction. Arteries contain greater amounts of elastic tissue to withstand the high pressures of ventricular systole.

The lymphatic capillaries present a bidirectional structure, the interstitial fluid can enter and exit from them. True. False.

Select the incorrect statement about cardiac output. Cardiac output may be hormonally regulated. For example, epinephrine and norepinephrine decrease cardiac contractility. An increase in K+ or Na+ blood concentrations decreases heart rate and contractility. There are three factors that regulate stroke volume and therefore regulate cardiac output: preload, contractility and afterload. Cardiac output is determined by heart rate and stroke volume.

Cells with pacemaker potential and which are responsible for initiating cardiac excitation of the heart under physiological conditions are located at _______. Purkinje fibers. Sinoatrial node. Atrioventricular node. His bundle.

Cardiac muscle cells are connected to neighboring cells by intercalated discs in which gap junctions and desmosomes are found. Gap junctions facilitate muscle cells to function in a synchronized manner. False. True.

Which of the following functions does NOT correspond to the structures associated with the conducting zone of the respiratory system?. Produce mucus. Perform gaseous exchange. Humidify the air. Heating the air.

Select the correct answer. In glands, what types of secretion occur?. All of the above are correct. Merocrine secretion: release occurs by the mechanism of exocytosis. Apocrine secretion: release occurs by cell bursting. The holocrine secretion: release occurs by shedding cytoplasm.

Select the correct answer regarding the respiratory system: pH is the most important factor that determines hemoglobin saturation with O2. The scalene muscles are activated during normal/quiescent inspiration. The apneustic area send stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area to prolong inspiration for a long, deep inspiration. During external expiration most of the CO2 reaches the alveolus in the form of carbaminohemoglobin.

Complete the sentence. If we centrifuge blood collected without anticoagulant we obtain ______ in the supernatant. Plasma. Serum.

Choose the incorrect statement about the cardiac cycle. When the pressure in the atria is lower than in the ventricles, the atrioventricular valves open and blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. In the isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles, the pressure of the ventricle increases due to the contraction of Its muscular walls and not to the entry of a greater amount of blood into the ventricle. The end of atrial systole coincides with the end of ventricular diastole. A cardiac cycle is defined as all the phenomena associated with a heartbeat: systole and dyastole of the atria and systole and dyastole of the ventricles.

Complete the sentence. Coagulation uses a homeostasis control mechanism of _________ type. Negative feedback. Positive feedback.

The _______ are wider, their basement membrane is incomplete or absent and allow the passage of proteins and blood cells. They are abundant in the liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and the parathyroid glands. Fenestrated capillaries. Continuous capillaries. Sinusoidal capillaries.

Which letter would correspond to the gas exchange site (image 2)?. A. B. C. C and D.

Complete the sentence. The protein ________ , which is present in red blood cells, confers flexibility. spectrin. actin. hemoglobin. hemosiderin.

Membrane depolarization in cardiac cells is due to closure of Ca2+ channel and K+ outflow. True. False.

Complete the sentence. Most of the deoxygenated blood in the myocardium drains into _______. The great cardiac vein. The small cardiac vein. The middle cardiac vein. The coronary sinus.

Select the incorrect answer about the heart. The fibrous pericardium prevents overstretching of the heart, protects It and anchors It to the diaphragm and blood vessels. The left ventricle has a thicker wall in order to pump the blood to reach all the capillaries of the systemic circulation. The visceral pericardium and epicardium are the same layer of the heart. The left atrium receives blood from the systemic circulation (via the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus).

Pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on: Solubility of gases. The dissuasion distance. All answers are correct. Surface area available for exchange.

Select the correct answer about erythropoiesis. It is regulated by hormonal control. It is directly stimulated by thrombopoietin. It is defined as the process of production of blood cells involved in the transport of oxygen and also in defensive functions. It begins in the bone marrow but ends in the lymphatic system. It contains 3 distance phases: 1.ribosomal synthesis, 2.hemoglobin accumulation, 3.ejection of the nucleus and formation of reticulocytes.

Complete the sentence: _________ is the process by which cellular and plasma components interact in response to vascular injury with the goal of maintaining vascular integrity and promoting wound resolution. thrombopoiesis. hemostasis. platelet phase.

Select the incorrect answer about coagulation. End with formation of a fibrin mesh to strengthen the platelet plug. Incorrect regulation can lead to thrombosis or hemorrhage. The extrinsic pathway can be triggered by contact with negatively charged surfaces. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathway come together in factor X, which forms a complex with Ca2+, PF3 and factor V to form the prothrombin activator.

Select the correct answer about blood. It is not a tissue because It lacks extracellular matrix, It is a fluid. It performs functions of transport (nutrients, gases...), regulation (temperature, pH...) and protection. Oxygenated blood presents a purple coloration. It is used as an invasive diagnostic tool.

Which of the following structures is a common pathway for air, food, and fluids?. Pharynx. Larynx. Trachea. Esophagus.