Semántica Inglesa UNED

According to Saeed’s (2016) basic assumptions dealt with in chapter 1, there are three terms used to describe different levels of abstraction in language, which are: Sentences, phrases and words,. Morphemes, lexemes and words. Clauses, phrases and sentences. Utterances, sentences and propositions.

Which of the following statements can best characterize the difference between semantics and pragmatics?. Semantics deals with speakers’ assertions and propositions, pragmatics deals with speaker’s attitude. Semantics deals with reference, pragmatics deals with sense. Semantics deals with the abstract meaning, pragmatics deals with the meaning in use. Semantic deals only with literal meanings, pragmatics deals only with non-literal meanings.

As discussed in Saeed’s (2016) chapter 2, “there is another approach to typicality effects from within linguistics, which is interesting because of the light it sheds on the relation between linguistic knowledge and encyclopaedic knowledge”. In this approach, these theories are called: Characteristics features and Exemplars. Exemplars and Samples. Frames and Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs). Structures and Descriptions.

If you say My friend is sitting on that rock, the expressions “my friend” and “that rock” identify: a reference relation. a sense relation. both. none of them.

According to the theory of prototypes developed by E. Rosch and her colleagues, prototypes are organized by levels of generality, i.e. a superordinate level, a basic level and a subordinate level. Choose an example that illustrates this hierarchy: predator – tiger – mammal. mammal – tiger – Siberian tiger. tiger – Siberian tiger – white Siberian tiger. cat – tiger – paw.

The language of thought hypothesis: argues that thinking and language are the same thing. is a theory about visual thinking. states that our cultural background determines the way we think about the world. states that cognitive processes employ a computational mechanism distinct from language.

The theory of prototypes based on the work of E. Rosch states that concepts: are meanings. have fuzzy boundaries. are not structured in any way. are redundant.

In which case the underlined indefinite expression is not referring?. Some woman asked me for directions. I had a dream about you last night. There is a certain reason for her distress. A promise is a promise.

According to most word meaning theories, words show different characteristics of reference and sense, and they operate in different ways. Which of the following words used in isolation may be used only to refer?: Isaac Newton. table, cat, dog. not, and, or. under, over.

Please, classify the underlined nominals by finishing the following statement in a correct way: “the underlined nominals in a sentence like “she told her husband the truth”…. Are an aspect of their sense. identify, pick out or refer to specific entities in the world. All are propositions. Are irrelevant to their meaning.

Ferdinand de Saussure’s (1974) influential ideas in the development of modern linguistics make us think that the meaning of linguistic expressions derives from two sources: the language they are part of and the world they describe. As put forward by Saeed (2016), words also derive their value from their proposition within the language system. However, the relationship by which language hooks into the world is usually called: Reference. sense. Both A and B. None of them.

In the description theory of names (cf. Russell 1967, Frege 1980, Searle 1958), a proper name is treated as: a label of the referent. a common name. a synonym of the referent. an iconic sign.

Choose the best description of the concept of prototype from the ones below: A prototype is a set of exemplary words in random combination. A prototype is a model of concepts which views them as structured so that there are central or typical members of a category and less typical or peripheral members. A prototype is a set of elements in random order. A prototype is a prefixed idealized structure of features after which we build subsequent examples of it.

According to Saeed’s assessment of the role of language: reference can be used to identify entities in the world. reference and sense are basically the same thing. reference and sense are opposite concepts. reference and names are the same thing.

The definitional theory of concepts is based on: identifying necessary and sufficient conditions defining a concept. a denotational theory of meaning. a causal theory of names. compositionality of meaning.

Following Saeed’s definition, “homonyms are unrelated senses of the same phonological word”. Therefore, we can distinguish different types depending on their syntactic behaviour and spelling. Please, mark the one which CANNOT be included as such a type: Lexemes of the same syntactic category, and with the same spelling. Lexemes of the same category but with different spelling. Lexemes of synonyms with the same category. Lexemes of different categories and with different spelling.

According to semantic description of words as put forward by Saeed, the statement “the relationship between the sentences the chairman owns this company and this company is owned by the chairman, is not true because: It is a presupposition. It is a relation of meronymy. The relation of hyponymy is one that holds between words. The relation that holds between these sentences is one of hyperonymy.

In general semantic terms, the words “knot” and “not” are classifed as: Polysemous. Homonyms. Synonyms. Hiperonyms.

Following Saeed’s definition, “homonyms are unrelated senses of the same phonological word.” Therefore, we can distinguish different types depending on syntactic behaviour and spelling. Mark the one describing the case of ring/wring. Lexemes of the same syntactic category, and with the same spelling. Lexemes of the same category but with different spelling. Lexemes of synonyms with the same category. Lexemes of different categories and same spelling.

One should identify several different types of oppositions. Therefore, the adjective pairs: present/absent; open/shut; temporary/permanent should be considered as: Gradable antonyms. Reverses. Complementary antonyms. Taxonomic pairs.

The word knuckle is: a homonym of cutlery. a hyponym of cutlery. a synonym of hand. a meronym of finger.

The sequence write-wrote-written is characterized as: Several lexemes represented by one phonological word. Several grammatical categories. Three grammatical words representing one lexeme. Three synonyms.

Homonymy and polysemy: Both deal with multiple senses of the same phonological word. Both deal with multiple senses of different phonological words. Both deal with multiple grammatical forms of the same phonological word. Both deal with multiple lexical relations between different phonological words.

In the sentence Ian was riding his motorbike when he discovered that there were problems with the engine and with the engine valve, the relationship between the two words “engine” and “engine valve” is the one of: meronymy. metonymy. hyponymy. synonymy.

A lexical entry describes: One or several logical representations of a word. One or several morphemes of a word. One or several meaning entailments of a word. One or several senses of a word.

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes gradable antonyms?. The negative of one word implies the positive of the other. The negative of one word does not necessarily imply the positive of the other. The two words describe alternative perspectives/viewpoints. These are the terms from the same taxonomy, which are incompatible with each other.

Tick the right choice: leave, leaves, leaving, left are different: lexemes. word forms. momemes. morphemes.

Polysemy is a lexical relation that deals with: a several related senses of different phonological words. Several unrelated senses of the same phonological word. Several related sense of the same phonological word. Words related by derivational relations.

Given the difficulty that linguists have faced trying to define a cross linguistic definition of the term word, Bloomfield’s famous one as the minimum free form is a definition based on: grammatical criteria. semantic criteria. written blank spaces. spoken silent time spans.

In the following two sentences: i) The foreman killed the slave. ii) The slave is dead. you can see an example of: a presupposition. synonymy. an entailment. a contradiction.

Choose the correct statement in relation with the concepts of hyponymy and entailment: Hyponymy and entailment are descriptions of unrelated words in a sentence. Hyponymy and entailment are different categories of words. The main linguistic systems are hyponymy and entailment. Hyponymy is a relation between words that provides entailment among sentences.

Take three sentences p, q and r as follows: p: Peter is watching TV. q: Molly is reading a book. r: It is not the case that Peter is watching TV or Molly is reading a book. On the assumption that sentence r is ambiguous: which are the logical forms for it?. ¬(¬r) ⇔ r. ¬(p ∨ q). ¬ p ∨ q. Both b and c.

Which is the logical form for the utterance “If Italy are champions and Spain are runners-up then Germany are champions”?. If p and q then –r. If p and q then p. If p and q then q. If p and q then r.

Which of the following sentences is analytically true?. If it rains, I am happy. The train will either arrive or it won’t arrive. Madrid is the capital of Spain. Every city has pollution problems.

The statement Two plus two make four is described as: a contingent truth. a posteriori truth. a necessary truth. a synthetic truth.

Choose a pair where (i) presupposes (ii): (i) Bob is a vegetarian. (ii) Bob doesn’t eat meat. (i) Jane knows that Bill likes sushi. (ii) Bill likes sushi. (i) Susan got married and found a job. (ii) Susan first got married and then found a job. (i) John ate the cake. (ii) John baked the cake.

The famous example “The king of France is bald” was used by Bertrand Russell to illustrate that: definite descriptions presuppose the existence of their referent. definite descriptions behave like proper names. definite descriptions are not considered referential. definite descriptions are noun phrases.

Which of the following statements is true?. Stative verbs are dynamic in English. Stative verbs cannot be used with modal verbs in English. Stative verbs in English are only used in the present tense. Stative verbs do not occur as imperatives in English.

Which of the following sentences expresses epistemic modality?. They must have forgotten about the meeting. You ought to answer all the questions in an interview. Drink a lot of water to keep your body hydrated. If I were you I would never accept their offer.

One of the following situations is an accomplishment. Which one?. Stephen coughed. John translates English tales. Her boyfriend was taking a picture of the performance. The nurse inspected the wounds of the injured.

Which of the following sentences is an unambiguous case of deontic modality?. They have to be told. One could never be hundred per cent sure. I simply couldn’t do it. It would just be cruel.

The term durative is a synonym of iterative in combination with an appropriate adverb like “all day”. Which of the following verbs are punctual verbs which might be interpreted as iterative in combination with such an adverb?. See, watch, steer. Tap, sigh, twitch. Come, go, arrive. Read, drive, fly.

The progressive aspect in English: describes a situation as ongoing and continuing. describes a situation as telic. describes only present situations. does not exist.

Evidentiality in English: can be expressed by a separate clause or a parenthetic adverbial. is expressed by a specific morpheme. cannot be expressed at all. is the same as subjunctive mood.

Consider the following two phrases: (i) John swam in the lake for half an hour; (ii) John swam across the lake in half an hour. Different temporal adverbials (italicized and underlined) in (i) and (ii) are used as a test for: telicity. durativity. stativity. actionality.

Which of the following statements is not true?. Thematic roles characterize the entities involved in a situation. Verbs have particular requirements for their thematic roles. Thematic roles are strictly linked to syntactic positions. Different theories/authors establish different lists of possible thematic roles.

According to Saeed 2016, the participant in a certain state of affairs described as the entity which is aware of the action or state described by the predicate but which is not in control of the action or state is: agent. theme. experiencer. beneficiary.

Identify the thematic roles in the sentence “He killed the fly with a newspaper”: Experience, agent, patient. Agent, patient, instrument. Patient, instrument, agent. Agent, goal, patient.

Which theta roles should be assigned to the underlined expressions in the following sentence: All the guests were shocked that the purse was stolen: Patient, Stimulus. Stimulus, Patient. Experiencer, Instrument. Experiencer, Patient.

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the information structure properties of the sentence “As for the children, they had a really good time at the playground”?. The first part of this sentence (before the comma) is a topic. The first part of this sentence (before the comma) is new information. The first part of this sentence (before the comma) is a subject. The first part of this sentence (before the comma) is deictic.

In the sentence “It was the bank money that the convict got” we have an example of: deixis used to mark focus. an inference used to mark focus. personification used to mark focus. a syntactic device used to mark focus.

What type of deixis underlies the word “This” in the sentence “This is the most expensive hotel I’ve ever been”: Person deixis. Spatial deixis. Time deixis. Aspect deixis.

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the underlined constituent of the sentence “It was John who pained the room”: It is a focus. It is a definite description. It is deictic. It is a topic.

Which of the Grice maxims is exemplified by the following dialogue: A: Is John intelligent? B:Well, he is extremely nice. The Maxim of Quantity. The Maxim of Quality. The Maxim of Relevance. None of the above.

The sentence “Congratulations for getting such a great job” is a case of: a commissive speech act. an expressive speech act. a declarative speech act. a directive speech act.

According to Saeed’s description of indirect Speech Acts, the sentence “You must leave this club now. You are not a member anymore” is an example of: Indirect Speech Act or request. Indirect Speech Act or promise. Indirect Speech Act or good wish. Indirect Speech Act or threat.

In Austin’s terms, decide the type of sentence for “I deny all knowledge of this scandal”: Commissive. Performative. Expressive. Representative.

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes a perlocutionary act?. It characterizes the effect that the utterance causes. It is an indirect speech act. Perlocutionary is a synonym of performative. Only interrogative and imperative statements can have perlocutionary force.

Which of the following features combinations correctly characterizes mass nouns in Jackendoff’s model of conceptual semantics?. [- bounded; + internal structure]. [+ bounded; + internal structure]. [- bounded; - internal structure]. [+ bounded; - internal structure].

When semanticists describe sentence meaning as compositional they mean that: The meaning of nouns depends on the syntactic classes they occur. The meaning of single entities can be transformed in different codes. Groups of unrelated semantic terms have a particular meaning. The meaning of an expression is determined by the meaning of its parts and the way they are combined.

A semantic metalanguage is: used to describe the semantic units and the rules of language. the same as ordinary natural language. used to describe only a conventional meaning. the same as semantic meaning.

Consider the following sequence: i. John [wrote an article]. ii. John [[wrote an article] and [published a book]]. iii. John [[wrote an article], [published a book] and [edited a journal]]. The examples in (i)-(ii)-(iii) illustrate: lexical productivity. syntactic recursivity. morphological complexity. semantic world knowledge.

Pustejovsky’s theory of event structure states that: Events can be viewed as complex entities composed of subevents. Events can be viewed as complex entities which necessarily include a stative component. Subevents can be organized hierarchically. Events can be viewed as integral entities and cannot be decomposed into subevents.

Semantic components are: primitive semantic elements. binary features. lexical relations. grammatical rules.

Jackendoff’s work identifies an inventory of universal semantic categories or concepts which include: Features, Concepts, Notions,Words, and Lexemes. Clause, Phrase, Word, Morpheme, and Lexemes. Categories, Members, Prototypes, Classes and Notions. Event, State, Path, Object, Place and Property.

The sentence “Ann resembles Carol and Peter looks like Brad” is represented in predicate logic as: R, L ⌐ (a,c,p,b). R(a,c) ∧ L(p,b). R(a,c) ➝L(p,b). R(a,c) ∨ L(p,b).

The concept of predicate structure upon which predicate logic is based on involves: a verb and several nouns. a verb and several names. a relation and one or more entities. an adjective and various names and nouns.

Which of the following formulas give a correct logical representation for the English sentence “If everyone smiles, John is happy”: ꓯx S(x) Ʌ H(j). ꓯx S(x) Ʌ ꓱj S(j). ꓯx S(x) → H(j). ꓱx S(x) → H(j).

The sentence “All cats are black” is represented in predicate logic as: ∀ (C(x) → B(x)). ∀x (C(x) ∧ B(x)). ∀x (C(x) ∧ ∃B(x)). ∀x (C(x) → B(x)).

What is the correct logical representation for a sentence “If there is a black cat, Mary is scared”?. ∃x (C(x) ∧ B(x)) → S(m). ∃x C(x) ∨ B(x) ∨ S(m). ∃x (C(x) ∨ B(x)) → S(m). ∃x (C(x) → B(x)) ∧ S(m).

Translate the sentence “Arthur, who was a king, possessed the sword Excalibur” into its correct corresponding predicate logic, where the symbols are a=Arthur, K(x)=x was a king; e= the sword Excalibur: K(a) P(a,e). K(a) → P(a,e). K(a) → P(e,a). K(a) ∨ P(a).

Consider two sentences, (i) and (ii) and four logical representations in (1), (2), (3) and (4), where P = person, S= scared (i) Everyone is scared (ii) Someone is scared 1. ꓯx (P(x) → S(x)) 2. ꓯx (P(x) ∧ S(x)) 3. ∃x (P(x) ∧ S(x)) 4. ∃x (P(x) ∨ S(x)) What is the correct pair of representations for (i) and (ii)?. (i) – 1, (ii) – (4). (i) – 2, (ii) – (3). (i) – 1, (ii) – (3).

The representation of the sentence “If Willy smokes, Maggie gets angry” in Logical Metalanguage convention is: → S(w) ∧ M(a). S(w) → A(m). W(s) ← M(a). → S(w) ∧ M(a).

Two sentences are synonymous only if they have: The same truth value. The same truth conditions. The same form. The same presuppositions.

Lakoff’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory as described by Saeed 2016, metaphors allow us to understand one domain of experience in terms of another and he provides several descriptions of such. Mark the alternative that is an example of the CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN metaphor. His health is declining. He’s under hypnosis. My spirits sank. He came down with flu.

Metonymy is a conceptual relation that can be briefly described as: a referential relation. a similarity relation. a universal relation. a contiguity relation.

In cognitive semantics, the meaning of prepositions can be characterized in terms of: an extension of a prototypical image schema. an extension of a psychological reality schema. polysemy of a force schema. a biological virus schema.

Which of the following statements is true?. Metaphors are examples of literal language. Metaphors allow us to understand one domain of experience in terms of another. Metaphors are always conventional. Metaphors are traditionally defined in terms of contiguity.