semantics

Choose the incorrect one. The relation between sign and meaning is arbitrary in the case of symbols. Semiotics is a sub-part of semantics. Linguistic meaning is basically symbolic. We can communicate meaning in non-linguistic way.

'Plurality', 'Possession', and 'Gender' are meanings associated with. Inflectional morphology. Closed-class lexemes. Derivational morphology. Open-class lexemes.

One of these is not associated with formal approaches to semantics. Modularity. Embodiment. Innateness. Mentalese.

'The meaning of the whole is a function of the meaning of the parts' is an approximate definition of. The formal view of semantics. The Gestalt law of perception. The language acquisition device. Frege's Principle of Compositionality.

One of these is unrelated to the formal semantic approach. Model-theoretic semantics. Truth-conditional semantics. Cognitive semantics. Logical semantics.

How many of these statements are true: - in priming experiments, a 'prime' stimulus may facilitate the processing of the 'target' - priming experiments have been used to investigate metaphor and polysemy - the distance between the beginning of the prime and the beginning of the target is called 'Stimulus Onset Asynchrony' - priming is usually attributed to the automatic spread of activation between related meanings in the lexicon. One. Two. Three. Four.

The fast movements we do with our eyes are called. Fixations. Scans. Saccades. Latencies.

One of these is not an online measure. Lexical decision. Naming. Reading times. Feature listing.

Which is not true: semantic features ----------. Are complementary. Work with any type of word. Started in the structuralist tradition. Can help to describe selectional restrictions.

The two components of ERPs which are more informative for linguistic studies are called ---- and ----, because they are sensitive to syntax and semantics, respectively. P600 and N400. P400 and N600. N600 and P400. N400 and P600.

Choose the correct one: The difference between 'sense' and 'reference' is that. 'sense' is related to the defining properties of an expression, while 'reference' has to do with things that populate the world. 'reference' is related to generic concepts, while 'sense' is related to specific instances. 'sense' is physical while 'reference' is mental. 'sense' is related to extension, while 'reference' is related to intension.

Expressions that depend on context for their reference are called. Deictics. Denotational. Variable. Truth-conditional.

Denotation is very similar to. Connotation. Sense. Extension. Both b and c.

The notion of 'family resemblance' is due to. Labov. Rosch. Aristotle. Wittgenstein.

One of these statements is not consistent with the classical account of categorization. Categories are objectively defined in terms of 'necessary and sufficient features'. Categorization is a dichotomous matter of inclusion or exclusion. Categories are discrete entities with clearly defined boundaries. Categories have internal structure, that is, degrees of membership.

One of these is not a 'prototype effect'. Order of mention in recall. Order of acquisition. Speed verification. Categorical boundary fixing.

One of these is not a strategy used by children to learn the meaning of words. Lexical contrast. Specific word-learning biases. Use of syntactic cues. Knowledge of a 'theory of mind'.

Identify the example of lexical ambiguity. My grandfather was a cheerful person. She is a bright student. They have him a warm reception. I gave her a ring.

Only one is not structurally ambiguous. Cleaning ladies can be fun. Visiting relatives can be boring. The teacher approached the boy smoking a cigar. I saw the man with a hat.

In far-near. Far is the marked term and near the unmarked one. Far is the unmarked term and near the marked one. Far is the prototypical term and near the peripheral one. Both are unmarked and prototypical.

In semantic networks, --- is a way of storing information in a more economical way. Spreading. Activation. Inheritance. Priming.

One of these is not a relationship between different words. Synonym. Hyponymy. Antonymy. Polysemy.

One of these is not a feature of basic-level categories. They share a common gestalt. They have shorter names. They are learnt later by children. Most of our knowledge is stored at this level.

The word furniture is a --- of the word chair. Hypernym. Meronym. Hyponym. Homonym.

One of these is not a type of figurative language. Oxymoron. Hyperbole. Hyperbaton. Understatement.

Choose the incorrect one. Spatial metaphors are usually based on our experimental basis. The basic mechanism behind metaphor is analogy. Cultural experience is sometimes behind some metaphors. In most metaphors the target domain is more concrete than the source domain.

In the LOVE IS A JOURNEY metaphor, lovers are seen as travellers due to a. Ontological correspondence. Metaphoric correspondence. Epistemic correspondence. Metonymic correspondence.

In --- correspondences, knowledge in general about one domain is projected to the second domain. Ontological. Metaphoric. Epistemic. Metonymic.

One of these examples does not involve a metonymy. I've got a flat tyre. In America, they still have the death penalty. The university professors are on strike. The kettle is boiling.

In metonymy, one entity, the --- provides mental access to another entity, the ---. Vehicle - target. Target - referent point. Reference point - vehicle. Predicates - arguments.

Words that indicate relationships and are thus inherently dependent on other words are called ---, while the independent individuals are called ---. Arguments - predicates. Relations - predicates. Predicates - semantic roles. Predicates - arguments.

A semantic role is. The semantic relation that holds between an argument and its predicate. The role that an entity plays in an event. The element that indicates the relationship between individuals and arguments. The relationship existing between verbs and nouns in a sentnence.

The double-tier is a solution proposed by Jackendoff to solve the case of motion events, in which we specify. Spatial and action tiers. Motion and time tiers. Motion and space tiers. Obligatory and optional tiers.

The association between a semantic role and a grammatical function is called. Blinding. Bounding. Linking. Association.

One of these verbs would not be used in a perlocutionary act. Deceive. Intimidate. Threat. Persuade.

Choose the incorrect one. In many cases, context is necessary to fix reference. Most of the meanings we construct are explicitly contained in the forms of language itself. The communicative intention of the speaker is basic in the correct recovery of meaning. A strict separation of semantics and pragmatics is very difficult or even impossible.

Speech Act Theory was initiated by. John Searle. Paul Grice. Sperber and Wilson. John Austin.

Which of these is not a strategy for linking anaphors with antecedent. Recency and Salience. Gender and number. Derivational morphology. Grammatical role.

Conversational implicatures are due to. John Searle. Paul Grice. Sperber and Wilson. John Austin.

The breaking of a conversational maxim receives the name of. Flouting. Flagging. Flunking. Flushing.

The word apple is a --- of the word fruit. Hypernym. Meronym. Hyponym. Homonym.

Which of these pairs are not converses. teacher-student. above-below. friend-enemy. monarch-subject.

The word nose is a --- of the word face. Hypernym. Meronym. Hyponym. Homonym.

Choose the incorrect one. Spatial metaphors are usually based on our experiential basis. The basic mechanism behind metaphor is analogy. Cultural experience is sometimes behind some metaphors. In most metaphors the target domain is more concrete than the source domain.

One of these syntactic categories is not normally used as a predicate. Verb. Preposition. Noun. Ajdective.

Choose the incorrect one. In many cases, context is necessary to fix reference. Most of the meanings we construct are explicitly contained in the forms of language itself. The communicative intention of speakers is basic in the correct recovery of meaning. A strict separation of semantics and pragmatics is very difficult or even impossible.

Which of these is not a strategy for linking anaphors with antecedents. Recency and salience. Gender and number. Derivational morphology. Grammatical role.

Choose the incorrect one. Symbols are basically culturally-based. Semiotics is a sub-part of semantics. The philosopher who thought about the icon/index/symbol distinction was Pierce. Meaning can be communicated in non-linguistic ways.

'Eye-glasses' can be considered -- of 'short-sightedness'. A symbol. An icon. An index. A signal.

A hand with the thump up to indicate approval would be an example of. A symbol. An icon. An index. A signal.

One of these is not a type of meaning normally associated with derivational morphemes. Pertaining to X. The one that does X. Without X. The possessor of X.

The Evening Star and The Morning Star. have the same sense and the same reference. have different sense and different reference. have different sense but the same reference. have the same sense but different reference.

One of these verbs would not be used in a perlocutionary act. Deceive. Irritate. Promise. Persuade.

One of these is not normally used as a predicate. Verb. Preposition. Noun. Adjective.

The study of meaning communication in all its modes is carried out by. Semantics. Pragmatics. Semiotics. Both a and c.

The waveform measured by ERPs which is more informative for semantics studies is. P600. P400. N600. N400.

In young-old. 'Old' is the marked term and 'young' the unmarked one. 'Old' is the unmarked term and 'young' the marked one. 'Old' is the prototypical term and 'young' the peripheral one. Both are unmarked and prototypical.

In George Clooney is known for his many conquests, LOVE is the -- and WAR is the ---. Reference point - target. Target - reference point. Target domain - source domain. Source domain - target domain.

One of these examples does not involve metonymy. Buses are on strike this week. Obama is the new president of America. Taxis are hard to find when it rains. The kettle is boiling.

The appropriate circumstances that have to be present for a given speech act to be performed are called. Contextual prerequisites. Felicity conditions. Pragmatic assumptions. Utterance inference.

---- relations among words are based on co-occurrence, while ---- relations are based on meaning overlap. Semantic - associative. Semantic - thematic. Thematic - associative. Associative - semantic.

Synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy are examples of -- relations. Semantic. Associative. Thematic. Both a and c.

Dress-undress, tie-untie or assemble-dismantle are examples of --- antonyms. Gradable. Ungradable. Converses. Reversibles.

The word banana is a --- of the word fruit. Hypernym. Mernonym. Hyponym. Homonym.

The number of arguments that a predicate takes is known as ---. Predication. Adicity. Semantic role list. Linking structure.

The fact that language is only one part of the information we need to construct meaning in a communicative exchange is assumed by the ---. Thematic view of language. Deictic view of language. Decoding view of language. Inferential view of language.

Words that convey implicatures by themselves (yet, even) are cases of. Conventional inferences. Conventional implicatures. Conversational implicatures. Conversational inferences.

Closed class words are --- numerous and --- frequent in discourse and tend to be --- that open class words, respectively. More/less/longer. Less/less/shorter. More/more/longer. Less/more/shorter.

The potential interactions between the body of an individual and a given object are. Affordances. Simulations. Meshing. Actuations.

According to the embodied view of cognition, the re-enactments of sensorimotor information that we perform when understanding language are called. Simulators. Simulations. Emulators. Embodiments.

---- of the brain are very useful to tell us where something is happening in the brain; --- are very useful to tell us when something is happening. fMRIs / ERPs. ERPs / fMRIs. ERPs / TMS. both are equally useful.

The relationship between a linguistic expression and the object out in the world, which is stable and not user-dependent is called ----, while the action by which a speaker picks out an object (the referent) in the world that can be variable and depends on context is called ----. Reference - denotation. Extension - reference. Denotation - reference. Reference - extension.

--- warn us when an expression should be considered as a peripheral member of a category. Hedges. Exemplars. Frames. Evaluatives.

The probability with which one features of an item predicts its belonging to a given category is called its. Prototype value. Cue strength. Exemplar strength. Hedging value.

When we are using a foreign language, we tend to take --- emotional and --- rational decisions that when we are using our native language. Less - more. More - less. Less - less. More - more.